Etiology and risk factors for childhood unintentional injuries: a retrospective analysis of data at a pediatric intensive care unit / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the etiology and risk factors for unintentional injuries in children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and to provide a basis for preventing these injuries and decreasing the mortality rate.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of children with unintentional injuries admitted to the PICU from December 2012 to December 2017.@*RESULTS@#A total of 102 children with unintentional injuries were admitted to the PICU, which accounted for 3.30% (102/3 087) of the overall PICU patients. The top three causes of unintentional injuries were food or drug poisoning, drowning, and foreign body ingestion and aspiration. The proportion of unintentional injuries in boys was significantly higher than in girls (P0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that the number of organs with dysfunction after unintentional injuries, especially respiratory, cardiac, neurological, renal and hematological involvement, was closely associated with the mortality rate of children with unintentional injuries (P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Prevention is the key to decreasing the incidence of childhood unintentional injuries. Preventive measures should be taken based on patient's sex and age and the cause of unintentional injuries. The spread of first aid knowledge, improvement in emergency transportation, and more attention to organ protection may be useful for decreasing the mortality rate of children with unintentional injuries.

Is surgical treatment of cancer of the gastric cardia or esophagus associated with a concurrent major pulmonary operation feasible? One center's experience / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pulmonary complications are a major cause of mortality after operation for cancer of the gastric cardia or esophagus. Although the risk involved in gastric cardiectomy or esophagectomy associated with a concurrent major pulmonary operation is expected to be much higher, it has seldom been evaluated on the basis of clinical experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility and feasibility of the gastric cardiectomy or esophagectomy associated with a major pulmonary operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From August 2003 to January 2011, 14 patients underwent concurrent gastric cardiectomy or esophagectomy and a major pulmonary operation in our hospital. This included eight for pulmonary invasion of esophageal carcinoma, and six for synchronous lung tumor. All patients underwent systematic lymph node dissection for cardiac or esophageal cancer. To prevent postoperative complications, the operative approach and dissection procedures for cardiac or esophageal carcinoma were modified according to the associated pulmonary operation and the extent of cancer invasion. All thoracotomies for cardiectomy or esophagectomy were performed on the same side as the major pulmonary operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients underwent a curative operation. There were no deaths or postoperative complications in the six synchronous lung tumor patients. In the eight pulmonary invasion patients, one patient died of respiratory failure 11 days after operation, and postoperative complications developed in four of them, but none was fatal. Six patients were still alive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Curative gastric cardiectomy or esophagectomy associated with concurrent major pulmonary operation is not contraindicated in patients in good condition. In selected patients, when the operative procedures for cardiectomy or esophagectomy are appropriately modified to minimize the effect of the associated pulmonary operation, the treatment is associated with a low operative morbidity and mortality with an acceptable long-term survival.</p>

Clinical features and surgical treatment of thoracic Castleman's disease / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical features and surgical treatment of thoracic Castleman's disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical symptoms, pathological, laboratory, CT findings and results of surgery in 32 patients with Castleman's disease from June 1996 to November 2008 were evaluated. Among the 32 patients, there were 14 male and 18 female, aged from 16 to 48 years old with a mean age of 34.2 years old. Thirteen cases had symptoms including short of breath, irritable cough, or chest pain, while 14 cases had no symptoms. Mediastinal or hilar tumors were found by CT examination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Tumor was surgically removed in all the 32 patients except one died with anesthetic accident. Castleman's disease was conformed by pathology. Five cases were diagnosed as with paraneoplastic pemphigus, 3 of them were attacked by bronchiolitis obliterans. All 5 cases were failed by the use of prednisone. The signs of PNP were dissolved after operation, but pulmonary lesions failed to improve. There was no recurrence in all cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PNP and lung abnormalities are the rare and severe complications of thoracic Castleman's disease. Surgical resection of the tumor is the first choice for treatment.</p>

Surgical treatment of IIIb-T4 lung cancer invading left atrium and great vessels / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>IIIb-T(4) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is commonly considered a contraindication to surgery, although chemo-radiotherapy also achieves a poor survival rate. We reviewed our experience with T(4) NSCLC patients who underwent surgery to explore the indications and prognostic factors of surgical treatment of lung cancer invading the left atrium and great vessels.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We investigated a cohort of 105 patients, 79 men and 26 women, who underwent surgery from May 1996 to July 2008. Their pathological staging was T(4)N(0)-(2)M(0). The median age was 59 years, ranging from 36 to 75 years. Patients were grouped based on invading sites: tumors invading the left atrium (LA group), tumors invading the superior vena cava (SVC group), and tumors invading the intrapericardial pulmonary artery (PA group). Patients were further characterized based upon the type of operation, complete resection and incomplete resection groups, and on the lymph node pathological status, N(0), N(1) and N(2) groups. We calculated the overall five-year survival rate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients received resection of primary lesions, with partial resection of the left atrium in the LA group (n = 25), angioplasty of superior vena cava in the SVC group (n = 23) and intrapericardial ligation of the pulmonary artery in the PA group (n = 57). Complete resection was possible in 77 patients (73.3%). The overall survival rate of the 105 patients was 41.0% at 5 years; 36.0% for the LA group, 34.8% for the SVC group and 45.6% for the PA group. Pathological N status significantly influenced the overall 5-year survival rate; 61.5% for N(0), 51.1% for the N(1) and 11.8% for the N(2) groups (N(2) group versus N(0) group, P < 0.0001, N(2) versus N(1) group, P < 0.0001). Surgical resection also influenced survival; 49.4% for the complete resection group and 17.9% for the incomplete resection group (P < 0.0001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that pathological N status was a significant independent predictor of prognosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pathological N status is a significant independent predictor for survival of patients with IIIb-T(4) lung cancer invading the left atrium and great vessels. The completeness of resection has a significant influence on the overall 5-year survival rate. Surgery for T(4) lung cancer may be effective in patients without mediastinal lymph node involvement.</p>

Comparison of VATS and mini-incision thoracotomy for the treatment of benign esophageal diseases / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare video-assisted thoracis surgery (VATS) and mini-incision thoracotomy for the treatment of benign esophageal diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 52 patients with benign esophageal diseases underwent minimally invasive surgical treatment from January 1995 to January 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. VATS were performed in 25 cases and mini-incision thoracotomy were performed in 27 cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no operative death or major perioperative complications in both groups. There were no significant difference between them according to operation time, postoperative thoracic drainage time, postoperative gastric drainage time and postoperative hospital stay time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For the treatment of benign esophageal diseases, both VATS and mini-incision thoracotomy are safe and effective. VATS can be performed in suitable cases with more minimal incision and decreased operative trauma, mini-incision thoracotomy can be performed in almost all cases, preferring the sophisticated cases.</p>

Comparison of two surgical approach for cardiac cancer / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the preferable surgical approach for cardiac cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and sixty patients with cardiac cancer underwent operation in two surgical approaches (epigastrium and left chest). Analysis was conducted on lymph nodes resected, stump positive rate, radical resectability rate, perioperative mortality, surgical complication rate, postoperative hospital days, survival rate between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the epigastrium group and the left chest group the average number of resected lymph nodes was 15.7 and 10.6, respectively, the upper stump positive rate was 5.0% and 1.2%, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The lower stump positive rate, perioperative mortality, radical resectability rate, surgical complication rate, postoperative hospital days, survival rate of the two groups were 1.2%, 0.0%, 81.2%, 10.0%, 10 d, 53.7% and 1.2%, 1.2%, 83.7%, 11.2%, 12 d, 56.2%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was no difference on the radical respectability rate and 5-year survival rate between the two groups. Thus the surgical approaches for cardiac cancer should based on the location and extent of lesions and the state of patients.</p>

Clinical and pathological characterization of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated small vasculitis in children / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated small vasculitides (ASV) are rare in children and often complicated in clinical manifestations and have very poor prognosis. In order to deepen our understanding of ANCA-associated small vasculitis (ASV) in children, the present study aimed to characterize their clinical manifestations, serum ANCA and renal histopathological findings and outcomes in Chinese children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum ANCA was qualitatively tested with indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and anti-proteinase 3 (PR(3)) and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and renal biopsies were done to investigate the pathological changes. The clinical manifestation, serum ANCA and renal histopathological findings and outcome were characterized in 5 children with ANCA associated small vasculitis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Five children with ANCA associated small vasculitis only accounted for 1.20% of children in whom renal biopsy was performed and 0.25% of hospitalized children with renal diseases during the same period. The age of onset of the 5 children with ASV was between 8 to 12 years with mean age 10.5 years. All ASV children were female. (2) All ASV children were negative for C-ANCA and showed normal anti-proteinase 3 activities, but positive for P-ANCA with high anti-myeloperoxidase activities between 98 to 242 kEU/L. The mean value of MPO-ANCA was 154.5 kEU/L (normal range < 12.7 kEU/L). (3) All ASV in the children was microscopic polyarteritis with wide-spread glomerular crescents formation and capillary tuft fibrinoid necrosis. Variety of complement C3 deposits and weak immunoglobulin deposits were noted in all ASV but one child who showed relatively strong deposits of IgA and IgM. The electronic dense deposits were mainly located in subendothelial space but were also found in the glomerular basement membrane in one child. (4) Three children with ASV died within one year after diagnosis, and two got remission and restored renal function after combined pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide (CTX), but remained to have hematuria and small amount of proteinuria after 1 and 5 year follow-up, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Childhood ASV was female and P-ANCA predominant, more vulnerable to progress to renal failure and poorer in prognosis than adult cases. Qualitative and quantitative ANCA measurement and renal biopsy were key to the diagnosis of ASV in children.</p>

Clinical study on treatment of childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis with colquhounia root tablet / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Colquhounia root tablet (CRT) in treating childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and compared with tripterygium wilfordii multiglycoside tablet (TWMGT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-two children with HSPN were divided into the CRT group and the control group. To patients of nephritic type, treatment with CRT and TWMGT was applied separately, but to those of nephrotic type, the treatment was given together with prednisone. Therapeutic effect and changes of related indexes, including urinary protein, retinal-binding protein (RBP), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), were observed after patients received treatment for 6 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The complete remission (CR) rate and partial remission (PR) rate in patients of nephritic type in the treated group was 58.8% and 41.2% respectively, while those in the control group was 20.8% and 66.7% respectively, and the ineffective rate being 12.5%. Comparison of the therapeutic effect between the two groups showed significant difference (P < 0.05). Although the CR rate in patients of nephrotic type in the treated group was higher than that in the control group, the difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). The urinary levels of protein, RBP and NAG lowered in both groups, but level of urinary protein in the treated group of nephritic type after 6 months of treatment was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CRT shows obvious effect in improving childhood HSPN of nephritic type, nephrotic type and attenuating the tubulointerstitial lesions, compared with TWMGT, CRT is more effective in lowering proteinuria and better in total effective rate.</p>

A clinico-pathological study comparing Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis with IgA nephropathy in children / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and IgA nephropathy are very similar in immunopathological changes, and therefore some nephrologists considered that they are substantially one disease entity caused by IgA immune abnormalities, and IgA nephropathy is, in fact, a kind of HSPN without rashes. The present study aimed to characterize their relationship through clinico-pathological comparison between IgA nephropathy and HSPN.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-one children with IgA nephropathy aged from 3 to 15 years and 120 children with HSPN aged between 4 to 15 years were enrolled in this study. Their clinical manifestations, blood biochemical test, serum immunology and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. Renal pathological findings in light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were analyzed and also compared between 31 children with IgA nephropathy and 32 children with HSPN.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age of onset was over 12 years in 25.8% children with IgA nephropathy, but only in 10% with HSPN, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The clinical patterns of IgA nephropathy and HSPN were similar, but extra-renal manifestations were seen more often in HSPN, all of them had skin purpura, 59% had gastrointestinal symptoms and 47% suffered from arthralgia. While the abdominal pain occurred only in 3.2% children with IgA nephropathy. The renal pathological investigation showed global sclerosis in 35.5% of IgA nephropathy and 3.1% of HSPN, mesangial sclerosis in 41.9% of IgA nephropathy and 6.3% of HSPN, but endothelial proliferation in 65.6% of HSPN and 29% of IgA nephropathy. The differences were extremely significant (P < 0.01). Thin basement membrane nephropathy were only found in 6.5% children with IgA nephropathy, but in none with HSPN. The electronic dense deposits in HSPN were sparse, loose and widely spread in glomerular mesangium, subendothelial area and even intra basement membrane. While the deposits were dense, lumpy and mostly limited in mesangium and paramesangium in IgA nephropathy. IgG was found in glomerular immune deposits in 71.9% of HSPN, but only 19.4% of IgA nephropathy. No IgG deposit was observed in 81.6% of IgA nephropathy, among them most showed IgA and IgM and/or C(3) deposit. Predominant IgG deposits were found in 12.5% of HSPN with relatively weak IgA deposit, moreover 6.3% of HSPN showed linear IgG deposits in glomerular capillary wall, which couldn't be found in IgA nephropathy. The follow-up data of average 20 months showed complete remission in 72.5% of HSPN and 19.4% in IgA nephropathy after 34 months follow-up. Moreover, 64.5% of IgA nephropathy had consistent hematuria and proteinuria, 16.1% had active nephritides, the difference was significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Significant clinico-pathological differences were found between HSPN and IgA nephropathy, which does not support the one disease entity hypothesis. HSPN and IgA nephropathy are probably two diseases with similar immune abnormalities.</p>